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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is vulnerable to populist impulses. It is still healthier than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for a new development paradigm. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet and beans as well as other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. These people formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced cedon papermaking block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this time, the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to serve in the army or participate in projects for the government like building fortifications.
At the end of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest region of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This dramatically improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious goods such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, constructed from massive single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then under the control of a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE leaving it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to collaborate to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the huge cost of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear of job loss.
Analysts and academics are divided over the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article examines the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development including illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also highlights the most important factors that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have succeeded in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey from 2009 showed that nearly a third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support the theory 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they didn't know what it meant. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from less advanced forms of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris 에볼루션 코리아 and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. This event attracted a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The event's success led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it published its activities and published articles about the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received funding to construct a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science. It also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also established an organization of local branch offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this time the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves changing the incentives monitoring and discipline strategies that have created the system before the crisis. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje, a major regional power in the early 4th Century extended its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. As a result, it was in frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was peacefully integrated into Goryeo as an alternative state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.